Using measurements from the Helios mission, we examined how the proton core temperature anisotropy and cross-helicity varied with distance. We set out to see if this problem is easier to tackle using solar wind measurements closer to the Sun than 1 au, where the mixing and dynamical interaction of different solar wind streams is reduced. Robustly identifying the solar sources of individual packets of solar wind measured in interplanetary space remains an open problem. Its science return will be augmented further by coordinated observations with other space missions and ground-based observatories. The performance of the Solar Orbiter payload meets the requirements derived from the mission's science objectives. Solar Orbiter will combine in-situ measurements in the heliosphere with high-resolution remote-sensing observations of the Sun to address fundamental questions of solar and heliospheric physics. The paper concludes with a more detailed description of the science objectives. This is followed by a summary of the science operations concept. We report the observables and performance figures of each instrument, as well as the trajectory design. The paper first summarises the mission-level science objectives, followed by an overview of the spacecraft and payload. In this paper, we describe the science objectives of the mission, and how these will be addressed by the joint observations of the instruments onboard. To answer these, the mission carries six remote-sensing instruments to observe the Sun and the solar corona, and four in-situ instruments to measure the solar wind, energetic particles, and electromagnetic fields. It was launched on 10 February 2020 04:03 UTC from Cape Canaveral and aims to address key questions of solar and heliospheric physics pertaining to how the Sun creates and controls the Heliosphere, and why solar activity changes with time. Solar Orbiter, the first mission of ESA's Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 programme and a mission of international collaboration between ESA and NASA, will explore the Sun and heliosphere from close up and out of the ecliptic plane.
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